Greening-up the Ocean

Businesses, pressured to curb carbon emissions due to global warming concerns, are increasingly relying on tree planting as a cheap way to offset their carbon pollution. Now a pioneering California firm wants to expand the frontier of carbon offsets from terra firma to the open sea.

[1] Planktos Inc. [2] launched their sea research vessel, the Planktos Weatherbird II, from Washington D.C. this past March. From there, it wound its way down toward a square patch of the southern Pacific, beginning a series of large-scale experiments in May. Within this patch, the company plans to carefully demonstrate the ocean’s potential as a carbon catch. Some experts are skeptical, but if Planktos is right, converting portions of the ocean into enormous “carbon sinks” could become a lucrative and environment-friendly enterprise.

Using iron dust, the company intends to fertilize a 3,800-square-mile area of ocean that lies within boundaries marked by Baja Mexico, Hawaii, French Polynesia, and the Galapagos Islands. The deposition is intended to trigger a massive bloom of microscopic plants known as phytoplankton, which in turn absorb carbon through photosynthesis. With an amount of iron no larger than a hefty vitamin tablet, an Olympic-sized pool of seawater can be ‘seeded’ to grow these blooms.

Based on observable blooms elicited by 11 iron-seeding experiments conducted by other researchers since 1981, Planktos is confident that large-scale, controlled phytoplankton growth can capture significant quantities of atmospheric carbon and sequester it for long periods of time, thereby helping to reduce the effects of global warming. The late oceanographer, [3] John Martin, who originally conceived the potential of iron-fertilization, famously quipped, “Give me a half tanker load of iron, and I’ll give you an Ice Age.”

“There’s a huge potential there. It’s a potential that is associated with simply restoring the productivity of the open oceans to levels that it once enjoyed in the 1980’s,” says William Coleman, Planktos’ chief operating officer. Coleman claims that phytoplankton productivity has declined by as much as 14 percent over the last 20 years because of changes in ocean conditions. He says recent attempts at soil management, allowing lesser amounts of iron from the land to be wind-swept to the ocean, and higher carbon dioxide levels in the earth’s atmosphere, “turning oceans into a slightly acidic carbonated beverage,” have depleted phytoplankton. Coleman also listed warmer global temperatures as a contributor to phytoplankton decline, citing a recent NASA satellite image [4] study.

A crucial aspect of the company’s project is going to be demonstrating that a significant amount of atmospheric carbon consumed by managed plankton blooms will remain in the deep ocean rather than returning to the atmosphere.

According to Coleman, calculating the amount of carbon that is incorporated into plant tissue is a simple measurement of the biomass. “That’s a well known conversion,” he says, “It’s the same conversion that you use with trees or grasses. Plant cells are plant cells whether you’re in the water or on land; they take carbon dioxide and convert it into biomass.”

The more challenging — and crucial — portion of the experiment involves understanding what ultimately happens to the absorbed carbon. To find out, Planktos plans to deploy equipment that drifts with the blooms and tracks whether the phytoplankton tissue that holds carbon is consumed by organisms, ends up in the deep ocean, or goes back into the atmosphere. Much of the plankton’s carbon is expected to end up in the food chain, a destination the company views as another form of storage that will benefit from increased plankton. Further tracking the path of plankton’s carbon falls beyond the scope of the company’s ocean experiment.

Planktos estimates that 25 percent of the carbon assimilated by phytoplankton from carbon dioxide in the air becomes locked up in the deep ocean once it dies and sinks below 1,600 feet. Considering this, along with the scale of the ocean and the larger quantity of plankton that occupied it 30 years ago, Coleman claims that restoring the sea to its original algae level could catch and hold about 50 percent of all of the carbon dioxide released every year by cars, power plants, and all other human-induced sources.

Some scientists are skeptical, calling the company’s estimates extremely optimistic. “You can make that calculation on paper,” says [5] Nicholas Meskhidze, an assistant professor at the School of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at North Carolina State University, “But whether it actually works that way in the ocean I don’t think is known.”

Meskhidze and [6] John Marra, a biological oceanographer at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, estimate that just five percent of the carbon assimilated by phytoplankton sinks into the deep ocean, and only one percent ends up buried in sediment, far less carbon sequestration than Coleman predicts.

One of the reasons this occurs, explains Marra, is that in their slow descent to the deep, few phytoplankton actually reach the ocean floor after they die. “The phytoplankton isn’t going to just rocket down to the bottom, they’re not like little bullets or little pebbles,” says Marra, “They sink 50 to 100 meters per day and that’s generally slow enough that they can be eaten or attacked by bacteria.” As a result, the sequestered carbon is then re-released to the atmosphere. “[It] ends up as a sort of zero sum game,” says Marra.

Additionally, iron-seeding experiments that have been conducted since 1981, in Marra’s view, have never been conclusive enough to label the ocean as a reliable carbon sink. “It’s controversial,” he says. “It seems like every time [researchers] have done one of these iron enrichment experiments, they get a different result.”

Planktos is still motivated to establish plankton’s potential as carbon sequesters. Funded by investment capital and carbon credit revenues from its tree-planting business, the $2 million experiment will involve the most detailed testing yet. “The one major difference is that we will track a managed bloom from its inception all the way through to its completion. That normally happens over a span of 180 days,” says Coleman, “The best that prior efforts have done is to be in the water for 50 days only.”

If the iron-seeding projects in May show the ocean can indeed stow away a large amount of carbon, Planktos anticipates moving from the demonstrations to selling carbon offsets from oceanic plankton restoration soon afterward.

Carbon offsets are part of the carbon credit marketplace, which began after the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, a multinational environmental agreement aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Countries that sign onto the Kyoto pact — the United States is one of the few that hasn’t — can fine companies within their borders for not adhering to carbon limits. But there is an alternative allowed under the Kyoto agreement: companies releasing excessive amounts of carbon can avoid cutting their emissions or paying fines by agreeing to buy carbon credits from firms like Planktos.

If Planktos can provide the federal Department of Energy with verifiable data showing a significant quantity of carbon sequestration at sea, they can add to the half-billion ton stockpile of carbon credits, which was attained mostly through tree-planting offset projects.

They will also be able to undercut the going rate on carbon credits. Currently, voluntary carbon credits in the United States trade at up to five dollars per ton of carbon dioxide while credits recognized by the Kyoto protocol now fetch around 20 dollars per ton in the European Union, Japan, and Russia. Planktos expects the effectiveness and feasibility of their iron dust treatment will allow them to offer rates that go below the price of even voluntary credits.

Coleman notes that Planktos is currently working with electric and petrochemical companies — both intense carbon emitters — in Europe and in parts of the United States where state governments are setting up credit-trading programs. “We’re active in all three fronts of business, policy, and science,” says Coleman.

Although confident that the demonstration currently underway will justify ocean seeding as a valid way to offset carbon emissions, Coleman acknowledges that it might not work. “If it doesn’t, well, then we had the chance to demonstrate it and we all go home with better information and knowledge about how the oceans respond to iron restoration.”